Method and system for defining an adaptive polymorphic data model

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments process data as defined by a polymorphic data model. A server may provide the polymorphic data model to a client application from a datastore. The functionality or features of the client application may be controlled as a function of the polymorphic data model. The client application may thus provide different functionalities when provided with different polymorphic data models. Updates to the polymorphic data model may be used to update the client application&#39;s functionality without any updates to the client application&#39;s executable code.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE; DISCLAIMER

Each of the following applications are hereby incorporated by reference:application Ser. No. 15/950,728 filed on Apr. 11, 2018; application No.62/519,076 filed on Jun. 13, 2017. The Applicant hereby rescinds anydisclaimer of claim scope in the parent application(s) or theprosecution history thereof and advises the USPTO that the claims inthis application may be broader than any claim in the parentapplication(s).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an adaptive polymorphic data model. Inparticular, the present disclosure relates to (a) a server generating oradapting a polymorphic data model based on user input and (b) a clientapplication adapting to the polymorphic data model received from theserver.

BACKGROUND

A client device may receive updates from or submit updates to a backendserver. The updates, received or submitted by a client device, includeupdates to data.

Client devices may be operated in an online mode and an offline mode. Anonline mode is a mode in which a client device may communicate with abackend server via a network. An offline mode is a mode in which theclient device is unable to communicate with a backend server via anetwork. When operating in an online mode, a client device may receiveupdates from and submit updates to a backend sever. When operating in anoffline mode, a client device is unable to receive updates from orsubmit updates to a backend server.

The approaches described in this section are approaches that could bepursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previouslyconceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it shouldnot be assumed that any of the approaches described in this sectionqualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in thissection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way oflimitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. It should benoted that references to “an” or “one” embodiment in this disclosure arenot necessarily to the same embodiment, and they mean at least one. Inthe drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram that illustrates a client-server computingsystem that operates over a network in accordance with one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram that illustrates components of a datacontrol model in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram that illustrates an example set ofoperations for updating an object type definition in accordance with oneor more embodiments;

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram that illustrates an example set ofoperations for updating an object type definition in accordance with oneor more embodiments; and

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram that illustrates a computer system inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding. One or more embodiments may be practiced without thesespecific details. Features described in one embodiment may be combinedwith features described in a different embodiment. In some examples,well-known structures and devices are described with reference to ablock diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presentinvention.

1. General Overview

Some embodiments process data as defined by a polymorphic data model. Aserver may provide the polymorphic data model to a client applicationfrom a datastore. The functionality or features of the clientapplication may be controlled as a function of the polymorphic datamodel. The client application may thus provide different functionalitieswhen provided with different polymorphic data models. Updates to thepolymorphic data model may be used to update the client application'sfunctionality without any updates to the client application's executablecode.

This Specification may include, and the claims may recite, someembodiments beyond those that are described in this General Overviewsection.

2. Architectural Overview

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram that illustrates a client-server computingsystem 100 that operates over a network 120 in accordance with one ormore embodiments. The client-server computing system 100 may include aserver 110 and a client device 130 communicatively coupled via thenetwork 120. Each of the server 110 and the client device 130 mayinclude a computing processor and associated memory and communicationscircuitry.

The network 120 may include a local area network (LAN), wide areanetwork (WAN), Ethernet network, Token Ring network, asynchronoustransfer mode (ATM) network, Wi-Fi network, the Internet, cellulartelephone network, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) network,long-term evolution (LTE) network, Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX) network, or other computing communicationsnetworks. The server 110 may include a datastore 115 that stores dataaccessible by the client device 130 via the network 120. The clientdevice 130 may include a client application 135 (e.g., softwareapplication) that receives data from or accesses data stored in thedatastore 115.

In an embodiment, the client device 130 is implemented on one or moredigital devices. The term “digital device” generally refers to anyhardware device that includes a processor. A digital device may refer toa physical device executing an application or a virtual machine.Examples of digital devices include a computer, a tablet, a laptop, adesktop, a netbook, a server, a web server, a network policy server, aproxy server, a generic machine, a function-specific hardware device, ahardware router, a hardware switch, a hardware firewall, a hardwarefirewall, a hardware network address translator (NAT), a hardware loadbalancer, a mainframe, a television, a content receiver, a set-top box,a printer, a mobile handset, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant(“PDA”), a wireless receiver and/or transmitter, a base station, acommunication management device, a router, a switch, a controller, anaccess point, and a client device.

In one or more embodiments, the datastore 115 is any type of storageunit and/or device (e.g., a file system, database, collection of tables,or any other storage mechanism) for storing data. Further, the datastore115 may include multiple different storage units and/or devices. Themultiple different storage units and/or devices may or may not be of thesame type or located at the same physical site. Alternatively oradditionally, the datastore 115 may be implemented or executed on acomputing system separate from the server 110. The datastore 115 may becommunicatively coupled to the server 110 or the client device 130 via adirect connection or via the network 120.

The client application 135 may access data objects stored in thedatastore 115 using a set of hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) uniformresource identifiers (URIs), e.g., uniform resource locators (URL) usedin conjunction with an HTTP request. HTTP may be used as arequest-response protocol between the client device 130 and the server110 to facilitate the transfer and management of data between the clientapplication 135 and the datastore 115.

The server 110 may provide a representational state transfer (REST)service for servicing REST requests received from the client application135. A REST request is a type of stateless HTTP request and may betransmitted to the server 110 by the client device 130. REST requestsare subsets of HTTP requests. The REST request may use a set of uniformand predefined stateless operations. State may not be kept from requestto request when the REST request is used. The server 110 may provide adescription of the server 110 to the client application 135 as a RESTserver through a well-defined URL. Through this well-defined URL, theserver 110 may provide a mechanism for the client application 135 toefficiently retrieve data from and upload data to the datastore 115.

In one or more embodiments, a user interface refers to hardware and/orsoftware configured to facilitate communications between a user and theclient device 130. The user interface renders user interface elementsand receives input via user interface elements. Examples of interfacesinclude a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface(CLI), a haptic interface, and a voice command interface. Examples ofuser interface elements include checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdownlists, list boxes, buttons, toggles, text fields, date and timeselectors, command lines, sliders, pages, and forms.

In an embodiment, different components of a user interface are specifiedin different languages. The behavior of user interface elements isspecified in a dynamic programming language, such as JavaScript. Thecontent of user interface elements is specified in a markup language,such as hypertext markup language (HTML) or XML User Interface Language(XUL). The layout of user interface elements is specified in a stylesheet language, such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Alternatively, auser interface is specified in one or more other languages, such asJava, C, or C++.

In one or more embodiments, the client-server computing system 100 mayinclude more or fewer components than the components illustrated inFIG. 1. The components illustrated in FIG. 1 may be local to or remotefrom each other. The components illustrated in FIG. 1 may be implementedin software and/or hardware. Each component may be distributed overmultiple applications and/or machines. Multiple components may becombined into one application and/or machine. Operations described withrespect to one component may instead be performed by another component.

Additional embodiments and/or examples relating to computer networks aredescribed below in Section 5, titled “Computer Networks and CloudNetworks.”

3. An Adaptive Polymorphic Data Model

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram that illustrates components of a datacontrol model 200 in accordance with one or more embodiments. The datacontrol model 200 may be an embodiment of an adaptive polymorphic datamodel. The data control model 200 may describe a database schema used bythe client application 135. The server 110 may provide elements of thedata control model 200 to the client application 135 from the datastore115. The functionality and/or features of the client application 135 maybe controlled as a function of the data control model 200. Thus, theclient application 135 may provide different functionalities whenprovided with different elements of the data control model 200. Updatesto the data control model 200 may be used to update the clientapplication 135's functionality without updating the client application135's executable code. Thus, new functionality may be added to theexisting client application 135 by transmitting new elements of the datacontrol model 200 to the existing client application 135 from the server110.

In an example, a single client application 135 may be made available toany customer of a software provider via a central application downloadportal on a network. Each customer of the software provider may desiredifferent functionality for the customer's respective client application135 than the other customers. Rather than providing a differentexecutable client application 135 to each different customer, thesoftware provider may provide a same executable client application 135to all customers. The software provider may also provide a differentdata control model 200 to each customer to be downloaded from eachcustomer's respective server 110 to each respective customer's clientapplications 135.

For example, Company A may have a dedicated instance of the server 110that only employees of Company A have access to via a set of clientdevices 130 that are issued to the employees of Company A by Company A.All of the client devices 130 used by employees of Company A maydownload the client application 135 from a publicly availableapplication portal. In addition, Company B may have a dedicated instanceof the server 110 that only employees of Company B have access to. Theemployees of Company B may access the server 110 via a set of clientdevices 130 that are issued by Company B to the employees of Company B.All of the client devices 130 used by employees of Company B maydownload the client application 135 from the same publicly availableapplication portal as the employees of Company A. Company A's instanceof the server 110 may download a data control model 200 customized forCompany A to the client applications 135 on Company A's client devices130. Company B's instance of the server 110 may download a data controlmodel 200 customized for Company B to the client applications 135 onCompany B's client devices 130. As a result, the client applications 135for Company A's employees may provide different functionality than theclient applications 135 for Company B's employees, even though theexecutable client application 135 downloaded from the publicly availableapplication portal is the same for all of Company A's and all of CompanyB's client devices 130.

The data control model 200 may include one or more object typedefinitions 230. Each object type definition 230 may define an objecttype. The object type definition 230 may specify attributes of theobject type. Examples of attributes may include sales order, deliverydate, quantity, revenue, etc. The object type definition 230 may alsospecify the data format of an attribute, e.g., text string, length oftext string, character, integer, signed integer, unsigned integer,floating point, double precision floating point, character or integerarray, array dimensions, etc. The object type definition 230 may alsospecify default values for each attribute of the object type. The objecttype definition 230 may also specify which fields are mandatory forinclusion in each view of the defined object type, and which aremandatory for inclusion in a full canonical view of the defined objecttype. For example, a delivery date may be a mandatory field for a salesorder data object type. The object type definition 230 may also specifywhich fields may be changed by the client application 135 and whichfields may not be changed. For example, revenue may be a field for asales order data object type that cannot be changed by the clientapplication 135. The object type definition 230 may also specify thefunctions that the client application 135 is to use to communicate withthe server 110 with regard to the object type. Examples of suchfunctions may include fetch, update, delete, etc. The functionsspecified in the object type definition 230 include information to beused by the client application 135 to build URL's for communicating withthe server 110 regarding the object defined by the respective objecttype definition 230. Such communications may include transmitting valuesof data fields of an object to the datastore 115 and updating a value ofa data field of an object at the datastore 115. A URL may be specifiedto update the value of a data field of the object at the datastore 115.

The data control model 200 may also include one or more metadata modules235. The metadata modules 235 may be embodied as data files or dataobjects. Each metadata module 235 may identify fields of an object typedefined by the respective object type definition 230. For example,numerous different metadata modules 235 may identify a different set offields of a same object type defined by the respective object typedefinition 230. Each of the different metadata modules 235 thatcorrespond to the same object may define a different view or shape ofthe object type. The server 110 may store a complete or full canonicalrepresentation of the object type in the datastore 115. The clientapplication 135 may download different subsets of the full set of fieldsof the object type stored in the datastore 115 to work with according tothe metadata modules 235. Downloading a partial object from thedatastore 115 may provide a savings in communications bandwidth over thenetwork 120 and a savings in memory usage in the client device 130. Thealternative of downloading the full canonical representation of theobject type each time the object type is operated upon, regardless ofwhat portions of the object type are to be operated upon, may beinefficient.

As an example, the client application 135 may use a metadata module 235that represents a small subset of the fields of a data object type inorder to download a list of data objects from the datastore 115. Theclient application 135 may use an HTTP request sent from the clientdevice 130 to the server 110 to access the list of data objects in thedatastore 115 that have a field value for a given field that matches asearch parameter specified by the client application 135. The clientapplication 135 may specify an object sub-type defined in the metadatamodule 235 so that the desired subsets of the fields of the data objectsare downloaded, and not the complete or full canonical representationsof the data objects. Thus, the sub-types defined in the metadata module235 facilitate the client application 135 downloading a partial objectfrom the datastore 115 rather than the full canonical object.

For example, a data object type may be a sales order. The clientapplication 135 may download a list of sales orders for a specifiedcustomer, or a specified sales person, or a specified period of time,etc. The client application 135 may present the list of sales orders ina user interface. A user may select one or more of the presented list ofsales orders to see more data regarding the sales orders or to performoperations upon the sales orders. In response to the user selection, theclient application 135 may use a different metadata module 235 thatrepresents a larger subset of the fields of the sales order data objecttype to download additional details regarding the selected one or moreof the presented list of sales orders. The sales order data object typedefined in a respective object type definition 230 may have a number ofdifferent associated metadata modules 235. Each of the metadata modules235 may represent a different level of detail of the sales order dataobject type. The levels of detail may range from a minimal list view toa full canonical view that includes all the data fields of the salesorder data object type.

In addition to specifying different views of objects defined in theobject type definitions 230, the metadata modules 235 may also specifyhow the objects behave, interact with one another, interact with a userinterface of the client application 135, and interact with the server110. The metadata modules 235 may specify a layout of an object andoffsets associated with each field of an object.

The data control model 200 may include one or more polymorphic entities205. Each polymorphic entity 205 may define a different overallfunctionality for the data control model 200. When the clientapplication 135 operates according to one polymorphic entity 205, theclient application 135 may provide different features or functionalitythan when the client application 135 operates according to a differentpolymorphic entity 205.

Each polymorphic entity 205 may include one or more persistence entities210. The persistence entities 210 of one instance of the polymorphicentity 205 may be different than the persistence entities 210 of adifferent instance of the polymorphic entity 205. Each instance of apersistence entity 210 may represent an instance of a data object asdefined in a corresponding object type definition 230.

The persistence entity 210 may be an abstract representation of a dataobject. The persistence entity 210 may include a unique identifier 215that uniquely identifies each instance of the persistence entity 210within a specific polymorphic entity 205. The persistence entity 210 mayalso include an object type definition 220 that defines the object typerepresented by the persistence entity 210. The object type definition220 may be an embodiment of a corresponding object type definition 230.The persistence entity 210 may also include a plurality of data values225, each of which may be associated with a data field name as definedin the object type definition 220.

The persistence entity 210 may include functions defined by the objecttype definition 220 that operate on the data values 225 and interactwith the datastore 115 with reference to a data object type as definedby the object type definition 220. Executable code included in theclient application 135 that implements the persistence entity 210 mayhave no built-in information regarding the data objects represented bythe object type definition 220. The executable code included in theclient application 135 may provide functionality according to dataincluded in the object type definition 220. In an embodiment, thepersistence entity 210 may be implemented by Java code in the clientapplication 135, and the object type definition 220 may be specifiedaccording to a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) representation providedby the datastore 115. In various embodiments, other programminglanguages and database formats may be used to implement the persistenceentities 210 in the client application 135. The Java code for thepersistence entity 210 may be provided with the client application 135at design time, while the JSON representation of the object typedefinition 220 may be provided via the datastore 115 at run time.

For example, an instance of a persistence entity 210 may be an objectthat is an instance of a sales order datatype that is defined accordingto a class that includes methods for operating on the sales orderdatatype. The class may be defined by the object type definition 230.According to the class definition, the persistence entity 210 may beable to build HTTP requests as appropriate to work with sales order dataobjects stored in the datastore 115, including fetching the sales orderdata objects, updating the sales order data objects, etc. Functionsprovided by the persistence entity 210 that operate on data objectsstored in the datastore 115 may be defined generally to operate upon anytype of data objects stored in the datastore 115. The functions providedby the persistence entity 210 may be called by methods provided in theclass by which the persistence entity 210 is defined according to theobject type definition 220. For example, rather than a hardcodedfunction named GetRevenue(<object identifier>) that is defined to onlyoperate on a Revenue object, the executable code of the clientapplication 135 may include a hardcoded function named Get( ) that maybe called by a method of the class corresponding to a sales order datatype persistence entity 210 on a field named Revenue as Get(Revenue,<object identifier>), where <object identifier> is the unique identifier215 of the corresponding persistence entity 210.

In an example, when the client application 135 fetches a list of salesorder data objects from the datastore 115, each sales order objectreturned may be represented by a separately defined instance of thepersistence entity 210. The sales order data objects returned in thelist may be represented as sub-types of the full canonical sales orderdata type stored in the datastore 115 according to a metadata module 235corresponding to a list of the sales order data object type. A user mayselect one of the sales order data objects in the list to request theassociated Revenue field value. The Revenue field may not be included inthe sub-type of the sales order data type according to the metadatamodule 235 corresponding to the list. A Get(Revenue, <identifier>)function may be executed by the persistence entity 210 corresponding tothe selected sales order data object. The Get function may look up theRevenue field in the persistence entity's object type definition 220 todetermine what kind of data the Revenue field contains and look up thevalue for the field in the data values 225. If the value is not includedin the data values 225, the Get function may issue an HTTP request tothe datastore 115 according to a metadata module 235 that includes thefield Revenue for the sales order data object type. After receiving theRevenue data field, and any other data fields defined by the metadatamodule 235 used by the Get function, the Get function may performprocessing on the Revenue data value according to the class definitionof the method corresponding to the Get function as specified by theobject type definition 220. The persistence entity 210 may then presentthe Revenue data value returned by the Get function to the user via auser interface of the client application 135.

Each customer of the software provider may desire differentfunctionality for the customer's respective client application 135 thanthe other customers. Rather than providing a different executable clientapplication 135 to each different customer, the software provider mayprovide a same executable client application 135 to all customers. Thesoftware provider may also provide a different data control model 200 toeach customer to be downloaded from each customer's respective server110 to each respective customer's client applications 135.

In an embodiment, a particular customer of a software provider thatprovides the client application 135 to the particular customer maydesire to update the functionality of the client application 135 used bythe particular customer or under the particular customer's control. Theupdated functionality may include new data object type definitions 230(e.g., for a new regional warehouse data object), new metadata modules235, updates to either or both of existing data object type definitions230 and metadata modules 235, etc. The particular customer may use asoftware tool to update the data control model 200 at the particularcustomer's server 110. The particular customer may transmit the updateddata control model 200 to the particular customer's one or moreinstances of the particular customer's client application 135 on variousclient devices 130 under the particular customer's control. Theparticular customer's update of the particular customer's clientapplication 135 on various client devices 130 under the particularcustomer's control may not affect instances of the client application135 provided by the software provider to other customers of the softwareprovider. All customers of the software provider may install and use asame executable client application 135. The particular customer mayupdate the data control model 200 used by the particular customer'sinstances of the client application 135 without affecting any otherinstances of the client application 135.

In an embodiment, a salesperson may use the client application 135 todisplay a list of sales opportunities. Each of the sales opportunitiesmay be represented by an object type Opportunities in the data controlmodel 200 of the client application 135. In response to a request fromthe salesperson, the client application 135 may display a list of valuesof data fields from the Opportunities objects that meet thesalesperson's criteria. The client application 135 may determine, basedon the configuration of the client application 135, that only thecustomer name and the customer phone number are displayed in a list viewof opportunities. The client application 135 may analyze a metadatamodule 235 corresponding to the object type Opportunity. The clientapplication 135 may determine that the metadata module 235 correspondingto the object type Opportunity includes the to-be-displayed fields,customer name and customer phone number. The client application 135 mayretrieve values for fields identified in the corresponding metadatamodule 235 from the datastore 115. As the fields to-be-displayed areincluded in the corresponding metadata module 235, the clientapplication 135 may retrieve values for the customer name and thecustomer phone number from objects of type Opportunity stored in thedatastore 115. The client application 135 may display, in a list view,the retrieved information for different opportunities.

In addition to storing the values for customer name and customer number,the datastore 115 may also store values for a field customer budget inthe object type Opportunity. However, the client application 135 may notobtain a copy of the values corresponding to customer budget as customerbudget is not identified in corresponding metadata module 235 used bythe client application 135.

In an embodiment, the client application 135 may receive a user requestfor a value of a field of an object that is not included in thecorresponding metadata module 235. The client application 135 may searchthe metadata modules 235 for another corresponding metadata module 235that does include the requested field for the specified object type. Theclient application 135 may then download the object from the datastore115 according to the other corresponding metadata module 235 that doesinclude the requested field. The client application 135 may modify thelocally stored partial copy of the object, previously retrieved from theserver, to include the fields and values obtained from the datastore 115corresponding to the other corresponding metadata module 235 that doesinclude the requested field for the specified object type.

Continuing the above example, the client application 135 may receive aselection of a particular opportunity from the salesman when the clientapplication 135 is displaying opportunities in the list view. The clientapplication 135 may be configured to show a detailed view of anopportunity in response to receiving a selection of that opportunity.The client application 135 may determine that the detailed view of anopportunity includes a customer name, a customer phone number, and acustomer budget. The client application 135, based on an analysis of thecorresponding metadata module 235, may determine that the correspondingmetadata module 235 identifies the fields customer name and customerphone number. The client application 135 may further determine that thecorresponding metadata module 235 does not identify the field customerbudget. Since the corresponding metadata module 235 does not identifythe field customer budget, any version of an object, corresponding tothe particular opportunity, which is stored by the client applicationaccording to the corresponding metadata module 235 may be determined tonot include values for the field customer budget. The client application135 may identify a different metadata module 235 in the data controlmodel 200 corresponding to the object type Opportunity that does includethe desired field customer budget. The client application 135 may thenrequest, from the datastore 115 on the server 110, values correspondingto the fields identified in the different metadata module 235 that doesinclude the field customer budget. Specifically, the client application135 may request the object of type Opportunity which corresponds to theparticular opportunity selected by the salesman. In response totransmitting the request, the client application 135 may receive anobject of type Opportunity and corresponding to the particularopportunity selected by the salesman. The object may include values forcustomer name, customer number, and customer budget which are all nowidentified in the different metadata module 235 maintained by the clientapplication 135 that is now selected to define the view of theparticular object. Alternatively, the object received from the datastore115 may not include values for the customer name and customer number ifno change has been made to the values since the last time the valueswere received by the client application 135. The client application 135may replace or overwrite any stored prior version of the objectcorresponding to the particular opportunity. The client application 135may store a new version of the object, corresponding to the particularopportunity, and including customer name, customer phone number, andcustomer budget. The client application 135 may display a detailed viewof the particular opportunity selected by the salesman. The detailedview, displayed by the client application 135, may include the customername, the customer number, and the customer budget.

In an embodiment, an application on the server 110 may receive a requestto create a new integer field of type Commission for an object of thetype Opportunity stored in the datastore 115. The field type Commissionmay not currently be identified as a field in any object type definition230 or metadata module 235 maintained by the client application 135 ormaintained by the server 110. The server 110 may update the object typedefinition 230 corresponding to the object type Opportunity and one ormore corresponding metadata modules 235 maintained by the clientapplication 135. Specifically, the updates to the object typeOpportunity and one or more corresponding metadata modules 235 include anew integer field of type Commission. The datastore 115 and the clientapplication 135 may store values for the field of type Commission toreflect the addition of the new field of type Commission. The clientapplication 135 may also retrieve and display values corresponding tothe field Commission on a user interface.

In an embodiment, the server 110 may receive a request to generate a newtype of an object that is different than the types of any objects storedin the datastore 115 and/or the client application 135. Responsive tothe request to generate an object of a new type, the server 110 may (a)generate a new object type definition 230 and (b) generate one or morenew metadata modules 235 corresponding to the new object type. Theobject type definition 230 may include one or more data fields to beincluded in the new type of object, and the one or more metadata modules235 may specify different subsets of the one or more data fields to beincluded in the new type of object. The server 110 may synchronize thenew object type definition 230 and the new one or more metadata modules235 with the client application 135 by updating the data control modelof the client application 135. Accordingly, the server 110 and theclient application 135 may use the object type definitions 230 and themetadata modules 235 to define new object types. The server 110 may adda new object type to a collection of object types defined by the server110 and used by the client application 135.

Continuing the above example, the server 110 may receive a request tocreate a new object of type NetworkingEvent. The request may furtherspecify three fields Date, Time, and Location as fields of the object ofthe type NetworkingEvent. Neither the client application 135 nor theserver 110 may include an object type definition 230 or metadata module235 defining any object of type NetworkingEvent. Responsive to receivingthe request, the server 110 may generate an object type definition 230and one or more metadata modules 235 corresponding to the object typeNetworkingEvent. The object type definition 230 and one or more metadatamodules 235 corresponding to the object type NetworkingEvent mayidentify at least three fields Date, Time, and Location. The server 110may transmit the object type definition 230 and one or more metadatamodules 235 to the client application 135 to provide a definition theobject type NetworkingEvent. The client application 135 may alsogenerate objects of type NetworkingEvent and transmit the objects to theserver 110 for synchronization.

4. Example Embodiment

A detailed example is described below for purposes of clarity.Components and/or operations described below should be understood as onespecific example which may not be applicable to certain embodiments.Accordingly, components and/or operations described below should not beconstrued as limiting the scope of any of the claims.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram that illustrates an example set ofoperations 300 for updating an object type definition in accordance withone or more embodiments. One or more operations illustrated in FIG. 3may be modified, rearranged, or omitted all together. Accordingly, theparticular sequence of operations illustrated in FIG. 3 should not beconstrued as limiting the scope of one or more embodiments.

In an operation 305, a client application 135 may receive a first objecttype definition 230 from a datastore 115. The first object typedefinition 230 may be received by a client device 130 on which theclient application 135 executes over a network 120 from a server 110that hosts the datastore 115. The first object type definition 230 maydefine a first object type to be used in a data control model 200 thatcontrols the functionality of the client application 135. The firstobject type definition 230 may define one or more data fields of thefirst object type. Each defined data field may include a data field nameand a data field value. As an example, the object type may be anOpportunity, for example, a sales opportunity. The object typeOpportunity may be defined by the first object type definition 230 toinclude numerous data fields, for example, a Customer Name field and aCustomer Phone Number field.

In an operation 310, a first object of the first object type may beprocessed according to the received first object type definition 230.For example, the client application 135 may generate a persistenceentity 210 to represent an instance of the first object according to thefirst object type definition 230. The generated persistence entity 210may include a unique identifier 215 that uniquely identifies the firstobject within the polymorphic entity 205 that represents the schema usedby the client application 135. The generated persistence entity 210 mayalso include an object type definition 220 based on a copy of the firstobject type definition 230 upon which the generated persistence entity210 is based. The persistence entity 210 may also include one or moredata fields having associated data values 225 according to the objecttype definition 220. As another example, a user interface of the clientapplication 135 may display one or more data field values of the firstobject. The persistence entity 210 may also perform one or more methodsassociated with a class defined by the object type definition 220 tooperate upon the first object represented by the persistence entity 210.

In an operation 315, the client application 135 may receive an update tothe first object type definition 230 from the datastore 115. The updatemay include a second object type definition 230. The second object typedefinition 230 may define a second object type to be used in the datacontrol model 200 that controls the functionality of the clientapplication 135. The second object type definition 230 may define one ormore data fields of the second object type. Each defined data field mayinclude a data field name and a data field value. As an example, theobject type may be a Warehouse. The object type Warehouse may be definedby the second object type definition 230 to include numerous datafields, for example, a Warehouse Address field and a Warehouse PhoneNumber field. As another example, the second object type definition 230may be an updated version of the first object type definition 230 andreplace the first object type definition 230 in the data control model200 of the client application 135. The second object type definition 230may be an Opportunity, for example, a sales opportunity. The updatedsecond object type Opportunity may be defined by the second object typedefinition 230 to include numerous data fields, for example, a CustomerName field, a Customer Phone Number field, and Customer Budget field. Inthis example, the second object type definition 230 includes anadditional data field and value that are not included in the firstobject type definition 230.

In an operation 320, a second object of the second object type may beprocessed according to the received second object type definition 230.For example, the client application 135 may generate a persistenceentity 210 to represent an instance of the second object according tothe second object type definition 230. The generated persistence entity210 may include a unique identifier 215 that uniquely identifies thesecond object within the polymorphic entity 205 that represents theschema used by the client application 135. The generated persistenceentity 210 may also include an object type definition 220 based on acopy of the second object type definition 230 upon which the generatedpersistence entity 210 is based. The persistence entity 210 may alsoinclude one or more data fields having associated data values 225according to the object type definition 220. As another example, a userinterface of the client application 135 may display one or more datafield values of the second object. The persistence entity 210 may alsoperform one or more methods associated with a class defined by theobject type definition 220 to operate upon the second object representedby the persistence entity 210. As another example, when the secondobject type definition 230 is an updated version of the first objecttype definition 230 and replaces the first object type definition 230 inthe data control model 200 of the client application 135, thepersistence entity 210 representing the first object of the first objecttype may be updated to include the object type definition 220 based on acopy of the second object type definition 230 and represent an instanceof the second object of the second object type accordingly. Thepersistence entity 210 may also be updated to include one or moreadditional data fields having associated data values 225 according tothe updated object type definition 220.

In an operation 325, the client application 135 may transmit a datafield value of the second object to the datastore 115. For example, theclient application 135 may transmit a value of the Warehouse PhoneNumber when the second object type is a Warehouse, and thereby updatethe Warehouse Phone Number stored for the Warehouse object in thedatastore 115. As another example, the client application 135 may updatethe value of the Customer Budget stored in the Opportunity object in thedatastore 115. The client application 135 may transmit a value of theCustomer Budget when the second object type is an Opportunity with anupdated list of data fields compared to the first object type.

In an operation 330, the client application 135 may receive one or moremetadata modules 235 from the datastore 115. The metadata modules 235may define sub-types of the second object type defined by the secondobject type definition 230. For example, a first metadata module 235 maydefine a full canonical sub-type of the Opportunity object type thatincludes the Customer Name field, the Customer Phone Number field, andthe Customer Budget field. A second metadata module 235 may define asubset sub-type of the Opportunity object type that includes theCustomer Name field and the Customer Phone Number field. A thirdmetadata module 235 may define a list sub-type of the Opportunity objecttype that includes the Customer Name field only. A method for theOpportunity object type may download a list of Opportunity objectsaccording to the list sub-type metadata module 235 to minimize datatransmission overhead and data storage overhead in the client device130. When only the Customer Name field is needed to be presented in theuser interface of the client application 135, the full canonicalrepresentation of the Opportunity objects may not be needed, and thelist sub-type may be more efficient. Another method for the Opportunityobject type may download the full canonical representation of a selectedOpportunity object according to the full canonical sub-type metadatamodule 235. When one Opportunity object in the list of Opportunityobjects is selected for viewing and/or editing all the data fields ofthe selected Opportunity object, the full canonical representation ofthe Opportunity objects may be needed, and the list sub-type may beinsufficient.

In an operation 340, the client application 135 may make a determinationregarding whether a new object that is created according to the secondobject type definition 230 is a first sub-type, e.g., created accordingto the list sub-type of the Opportunity object type, or a secondsub-type, e.g., created according to the full canonical sub-type of theOpportunity object type.

In an operation 345, if the new object is determined to correspond tothe first sub-type of the second object type definition 230 in operation340, the client application 135 may fetch a value of a data fieldcorresponding to the first sub-type from the datastore 115. For example,when the first sub-type of the Opportunity object type is the listsub-type, the client application 135 may fetch a value of the CustomerName data field from the datastore 115.

In an operation 350, if the new object is determined to correspond tothe second sub-type of the second object type definition 230 inoperation 340, the client application 135 may fetch a value of a datafield corresponding to the second sub-type from the datastore 115. Forexample, when the second sub-type of the Opportunity object type is thefull canonical sub-type, the client application 135 may fetch a value ofthe Customer Budget data field from the datastore 115.

In an operation 355, the client application 135 may process the value ofthe data field fetched in either of operations 345 or 350. For example,the client application 135 may display the value of the fetched datafield in the user interface of the client application 135. The clientapplication 135 may perform a mathematical computation on the value ofthe fetched data field and display the results of the mathematicalcomputation in the user interface of the client application 135.

In an operation 360, the client application 135 may cause a value of thedata field processed in operation 355 to be updated at the datastore115. The client application 135 may perform a method defined by thesecond object type definition 230 represented in the object typedefinition 220 of the persistence entity 210. The method performed mayinclude transmitting an HTTP request to the datastore 115 to update thevalue of the data field fetched in one of operations 345 and 350according to the results of the processing of the fetched value of thedata field in operation 355.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram that illustrates an example set ofoperations 400 for updating an object type definition in accordance withone or more embodiments. One or more operations illustrated in FIG. 4may be modified, rearranged, or omitted all together. Accordingly, theparticular sequence of operations illustrated in FIG. 4 should not beconstrued as limiting the scope of one or more embodiments.

In an operation 405, a client application 135 may receive a firstdatabase schema, e.g., a data control model 200 that controls thefunctionality of the client application 135, from a datastore 115. Thefirst database schema may be received by a client device 130 on whichthe client application 135 executes over a network 120 from a server 110that hosts the datastore 115. The first database schema may include afirst object type definition 230 that defines a first object type. Thefirst object type definition 230 may define one or more data fields ofthe first object type. Each defined data field may include a data fieldname and a data field value. As an example, the object type may be anOpportunity, for example, a sales opportunity. The object typeOpportunity may be defined by the first object type definition 230 toinclude numerous data fields, for example, a Customer Name field and aCustomer Phone Number field. The first database schema may also includeone or more metadata modules 235 that each define a view of the firstobject type defined by the first object type definition 230. Each of theone or more metadata modules 235 may specify a different subset of datafields included in the full canonical representation of the first objecttype to be included in the respective view. As an example, one viewdefined by one of the metadata modules 235 may specify only the CustomerName field be included from the various fields specified by the fullcanonical Opportunity object type. Another view defined by another ofthe metadata modules 235 may specify that both the Customer Name fieldand a Customer Phone Number field be included from the various fieldsspecified by the full canonical Opportunity object type.

In an operation 410, a first object of the first object type may beprocessed according to the received first database schema. For example,the client application 135 may generate a persistence entity 210 torepresent an instance of the first object according to the first objecttype definition 230. The generated persistence entity 210 may include aunique identifier 215 that uniquely identifies the first object withinthe polymorphic entity 205 that represents the first database schemaused by the client application 135. The generated persistence entity 210may also include an object type definition 220 based on a copy of thefirst object type definition 230 upon which the generated persistenceentity 210 is based. The persistence entity 210 may also include one ormore data fields having associated data values 225 according to theobject type definition 220. As another example, a user interface of theclient application 135 may display one or more data field values of thefirst object. The persistence entity 210 may also perform one or moremethods associated with a class defined by the object type definition220 to operate upon the first object represented by the persistenceentity 210.

In an operation 415, the client application 135 may receive an update tothe first database schema from the datastore 115. The update to thefirst database schema may include a second database schema differentfrom the first database schema. The update may include a second objecttype definition 230. The second object type definition 230 may define asecond object type to be used in the data control model 200 thatcontrols the functionality of the client application 135. The secondobject type definition 230 may define one or more data fields of thesecond object type. Each defined data field may include a data fieldname and a data field value. As an example, the object type may be aWarehouse. The object type Warehouse may be defined by the second objecttype definition 230 to include numerous data fields, for example, aWarehouse Address field and a Warehouse Phone Number field. As anotherexample, the second object type definition 230 may be an updated versionof the first object type definition 230 and replace the first objecttype definition 230 in the data control model 200 of the clientapplication 135. The second object type definition 230 may be anOpportunity, for example, a sales opportunity. The updated second objecttype Opportunity may be defined by the second object type definition 230to include numerous data fields, for example, a Customer Name field, aCustomer Phone Number field, and Customer Budget field. In this example,the second object type definition 230 includes an additional data fieldand value that are not included in the first object type definition 230.

In an operation 420, a second object of the second object type may beprocessed according to the received second database schema. For example,the client application 135 may generate a persistence entity 210 torepresent an instance of the second object according to the secondobject type definition 230. The generated persistence entity 210 mayinclude a unique identifier 215 that uniquely identifies the secondobject within the polymorphic entity 205 that represents the schema usedby the client application 135. The generated persistence entity 210 mayalso include an object type definition 220 based on a copy of the secondobject type definition 230 upon which the generated persistence entity210 is based. The persistence entity 210 may also include one or moredata fields having associated data values 225 according to the objecttype definition 220. As another example, a user interface of the clientapplication 135 may display one or more data field values of the secondobject. The persistence entity 210 may also perform one or more methodsassociated with a class defined by the object type definition 220 tooperate upon the second object represented by the persistence entity210. As another example, when the second object type definition 230 isan updated version of the first object type definition 230 and replacesthe first object type definition 230 in the data control model 200 ofthe client application 135, the persistence entity 210 representing thefirst object of the first object type may be updated to include theobject type definition 220 based on a copy of the second object typedefinition 230 and represent an instance of the second object of thesecond object type accordingly. The persistence entity 210 may also beupdated to include one or more additional data fields having associateddata values 225 according to the updated object type definition 220.

In an operation 425, the client application 135 may transmit a datafield value of the second object to the datastore 115. For example, theclient application 135 may transmit a value of the Warehouse PhoneNumber when the second object type is a Warehouse, and thereby updatethe Warehouse Phone Number stored for the Warehouse object in thedatastore 115. As another example, the client application 135 maytransmit a value of the Customer Budget when the second object type isan Opportunity with an updated list of data fields compared to the firstobject type, and thereby update the value of the Customer Budget storedin the Opportunity object in the datastore 115.

In an operation 430, the client application 135 may receive one or moremetadata modules 235 from the datastore 115. The metadata modules 235may define sub-types of the second object type defined by the secondobject type definition 230. For example, a first metadata module 235 maydefine a full canonical sub-type of the Opportunity object type thatincludes the Customer Name field, the Customer Phone Number field, andthe Customer Budget field. A second metadata module 235 may define asubset sub-type of the Opportunity object type that includes theCustomer Name field and the Customer Phone Number field. A thirdmetadata module 235 may define a list sub-type of the Opportunity objecttype that includes the Customer Name field only. A method for theOpportunity object type may download a list of Opportunity objectsaccording to the list sub-type metadata module 235 to minimize datatransmission overhead and data storage overhead in the client device 130when only the Customer Name field is needed to be presented in the userinterface of the client application 135. Another method for theOpportunity object type may download the full canonical representationof a selected Opportunity object according to the full canonicalsub-type metadata module 235 when one Opportunity object in the list ofOpportunity objects is selected for viewing and/or editing all the datafields of the selected Opportunity object.

In an operation 440, the client application 135 may make a determinationregarding whether a new object that is created according to the secondobject type definition 230 is a first sub-type, e.g., created accordingto the list sub-type of the Opportunity object type, or a secondsub-type, e.g., created according to the full canonical sub-type of theOpportunity object type.

In an operation 445, if the new object is determined to correspond tothe first sub-type of the second object type definition 230 in operation440, the client application 135 may fetch a value of a data fieldcorresponding to the first sub-type from the datastore 115. For example,when the first sub-type of the Opportunity object type is the listsub-type, the client application 135 may fetch a value of the CustomerName data field from the datastore 115.

In an operation 450, if the new object is determined to correspond tothe second sub-type of the second object type definition 230 inoperation 440, the client application 135 may fetch a value of a datafield corresponding to the second sub-type from the datastore 115. Forexample, when the second sub-type of the Opportunity object type is thefull canonical sub-type, the client application 135 may fetch a value ofthe Customer Budget data field from the datastore 115.

In an operation 455, the client application 135 may process the value ofthe data field fetched in either of operations 445 or 450. For example,the client application 135 may display the value of the fetched datafield in the user interface of the client application 135, or the clientapplication 135 may perform a mathematical computation on the value ofthe fetched data field and display the results of the mathematicalcomputation in the user interface of the client application 135.

In an operation 460, the client application 135 may cause a value of thedata field processed in operation 455 to be updated at the datastore115. The client application 135 may perform a method defined by thesecond object type definition 230 represented in the object typedefinition 220 of the persistence entity 210. The method performed mayinclude transmitting an HTTP request to the datastore 115 to update thevalue of the data field fetched in one of operations 445 and 450according to the results of the processing of the fetched value of thedata field in operation 455.

5. Computer Networks and Cloud Networks

In one or more embodiments, a computer network provides connectivityamong a set of nodes. The nodes may be local to and/or remote from eachother. The nodes are connected by a set of links. Examples of linksinclude a coaxial cable, an unshielded twisted cable, a copper cable, anoptical fiber, and a virtual link.

A subset of nodes implements the computer network. Examples of suchnodes include a switch, a router, a firewall, and a network addresstranslator (NAT). Another subset of nodes uses the computer network.Such nodes (also referred to as “hosts”) may execute a client processand/or a server process. A client process makes a request for acomputing service (such as, execution of a particular application,and/or storage of a particular amount of data). A server processresponds by executing the requested service and/or returningcorresponding data.

A computer network may be a physical network, including physical nodesconnected by physical links. A physical node is any digital device. Aphysical node may be a function-specific hardware device, such as ahardware switch, a hardware router, a hardware firewall, and a hardwareNAT. Additionally or alternatively, a physical node may be a genericmachine that is configured to execute various virtual machines and/orapplications performing respective functions. A physical link is aphysical medium connecting two or more physical nodes. Examples of linksinclude a coaxial cable, an unshielded twisted cable, a copper cable,and an optical fiber.

A computer network may be an overlay network. An overlay network is alogical network implemented on top of another network (such as, aphysical network). Each node in an overlay network corresponds to arespective node in the underlying network. Hence, each node in anoverlay network is associated with both an overlay address (to addressto the overlay node) and an underlay address (to address the underlaynode that implements the overlay node). An overlay node may be a digitaldevice and/or a software process (such as, a virtual machine, anapplication instance, or a thread) A link that connects overlay nodes isimplemented as a tunnel through the underlying network. The overlaynodes at either end of the tunnel treat the underlying multi-hop pathbetween the overlay nodes as a single logical link. Tunneling isperformed through encapsulation and decapsulation.

In an embodiment, a client may be local to and/or remote from a computernetwork. The client may access the computer network over other computernetworks, such as a private network or the Internet. The client maycommunicate requests to the computer network using a communicationsprotocol, such as HTTP. The requests are communicated through aninterface, such as a client interface (such as a web browser), a programinterface, or an application programming interface (API).

In an embodiment, a computer network provides connectivity betweenclients and network resources. Network resources include hardware and/orsoftware configured to execute server processes. Examples of networkresources include a processor, a data storage, a virtual machine, acontainer, and/or a software application. Network resources are sharedamongst multiple clients. Clients request computing services from acomputer network independently of each other. Network resources aredynamically assigned to the requests and/or clients on an on-demandbasis. Network resources assigned to each request and/or client may bescaled up or down based on, for example, (a) the computing servicesrequested by a particular client, (b) the aggregated computing servicesrequested by a particular tenant, and/or (c) the aggregated computingservices requested of the computer network. Such a computer network maybe referred to as a “cloud network.”

In an embodiment, a service provider provides a cloud network to one ormore end users. Various service models may be implemented by the cloudnetwork, including but not limited to Software-as-a-Service (SaaS),Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS). InSaaS, a service provider provides end users the capability to use theservice provider's applications, which are executing on the networkresources. In PaaS, the service provider provides end users thecapability to deploy custom applications onto the network resources. Thecustom applications may be created using programming languages,libraries, services, and tools supported by the service provider. InIaaS, the service provider provides end users the capability toprovision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computingresources provided by the network resources. Any arbitrary applications,including an operating system, may be deployed on the network resources.

In an embodiment, various deployment models may be implemented by acomputer network, including but not limited to a private cloud, a publiccloud, and a hybrid cloud. In a private cloud, network resources areprovisioned for exclusive use by a particular group of one or moreentities (the term “entity” as used herein refers to a corporation,organization, person, or other entity). The network resources may belocal to and/or remote from the premises of the particular group ofentities. In a public cloud, cloud resources are provisioned formultiple entities that are independent from each other (also referred toas “tenants” or “customers”). The computer network and the networkresources thereof are accessed by clients corresponding to differenttenants. Such a computer network may be referred to as a “multi-tenantcomputer network.” Several tenants may use a same particular networkresource at different times and/or at the same time. The networkresources may be local to and/or remote from the premises of thetenants. In a hybrid cloud, a computer network comprises a private cloudand a public cloud. An interface between the private cloud and thepublic cloud allows for data and application portability. Data stored atthe private cloud and data stored at the public cloud may be exchangedthrough the interface. Applications implemented at the private cloud andapplications implemented at the public cloud may have dependencies oneach other. A call from an application at the private cloud to anapplication at the public cloud (and vice versa) may be executed throughthe interface.

In an embodiment, tenants of a multi-tenant computer network areindependent of each other. For example, a business or operation of onetenant may be separate from a business or operation of another tenant.Different tenants may demand different network requirements for thecomputer network. Examples of network requirements include processingspeed, amount of data storage, security requirements, performancerequirements, throughput requirements, latency requirements, resiliencyrequirements, Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, tenant isolation,and/or consistency. The same computer network may need to implementdifferent network requirements demanded by different tenants.

In one or more embodiments, in a multi-tenant computer network, tenantisolation is implemented to ensure that the applications and/or data ofdifferent tenants are not shared with each other. Various tenantisolation approaches may be used.

In an embodiment, each tenant is associated with a tenant ID. Eachnetwork resource of the multi-tenant computer network is tagged with atenant ID. A tenant is permitted access to a particular network resourceonly if the tenant and the particular network resources are associatedwith a same tenant ID.

In an embodiment, each tenant is associated with a tenant ID. Eachapplication, implemented by the computer network, is tagged with atenant ID. Additionally or alternatively, each data structure and/ordataset, stored by the computer network, is tagged with a tenant ID. Atenant is permitted access to a particular application, data structure,and/or dataset only if the tenant and the particular application, datastructure, and/or dataset are associated with a same tenant ID.

As an example, each database implemented by a multi-tenant computernetwork may be tagged with a tenant ID. Only a tenant associated withthe corresponding tenant ID may access data of a particular database. Asanother example, each entry in a database implemented by a multi-tenantcomputer network may be tagged with a tenant ID. Only a tenantassociated with the corresponding tenant ID may access data of aparticular entry. However, the database may be shared by multipletenants.

In an embodiment, a subscription list indicates which tenants haveauthorization to access which applications. For each application, a listof tenant IDs of tenants authorized to access the application is stored.A tenant is permitted access to a particular application only if thetenant ID of the tenant is included in the subscription listcorresponding to the particular application.

In an embodiment, network resources (such as digital devices, virtualmachines, application instances, and threads) corresponding to differenttenants are isolated to tenant-specific overlay networks maintained bythe multi-tenant computer network. As an example, packets from anysource device in a tenant overlay network may only be transmitted toother devices within the same tenant overlay network. Encapsulationtunnels are used to prohibit any transmissions from a source device on atenant overlay network to devices in other tenant overlay networks.Specifically, the packets, received from the source device, areencapsulated within an outer packet. The outer packet is transmittedfrom a first encapsulation tunnel endpoint (in communication with thesource device in the tenant overlay network) to a second encapsulationtunnel endpoint (in communication with the destination device in thetenant overlay network). The second encapsulation tunnel endpointdecapsulates the outer packet to obtain the original packet transmittedby the source device. The original packet is transmitted from the secondencapsulation tunnel endpoint to the destination device in the sameparticular overlay network.

6. Miscellaneous; Extensions

Embodiments are directed to a system with one or more devices thatinclude a hardware processor and that are configured to perform any ofthe operations described herein and/or recited in any of the claimsbelow.

In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage mediumcomprises instructions which, when executed by one or more hardwareprocessors, causes performance of any of the operations described hereinand/or recited in any of the claims.

Any combination of the features and functionalities described herein maybe used in accordance with one or more embodiments. In the foregoingspecification, embodiments have been described with reference tonumerous specific details that may vary from implementation toimplementation. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to beregarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The soleand exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention, and what isintended by the applicants to be the scope of the invention, is theliteral and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue from thisapplication, in the specific form in which such claims issue, includingany subsequent correction.

7. Hardware Overview

According to one embodiment, the techniques described herein areimplemented by one or more special-purpose computing devices. Thespecial-purpose computing devices may be hard-wired to perform thetechniques, or may include digital electronic devices such as one ormore application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), or network processing units (NPUs)that are persistently programmed to perform the techniques, or mayinclude one or more general purpose hardware processors programmed toperform the techniques pursuant to program instructions in firmware,memory, other storage, or a combination. Such special-purpose computingdevices may also combine custom hard-wired logic, ASICs, FPGAs, or NPUswith custom programming to accomplish the techniques. Thespecial-purpose computing devices may be desktop computer systems,portable computer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or anyother device that incorporates hard-wired and/or program logic toimplement the techniques.

For example, FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates a computersystem 500 upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented.Computer system 500 includes a bus 502 or other communication mechanismfor communicating information, and a hardware processor 504 coupled withbus 502 for processing information. Hardware processor 504 may be, forexample, a general purpose microprocessor.

Computer system 500 also includes a main memory 506, such as a randomaccess memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 502for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor504. Main memory 506 also may be used for storing temporary variables orother intermediate information during execution of instructions to beexecuted by processor 504. Such instructions, when stored innon-transitory storage media accessible to processor 504, rendercomputer system 500 into a special-purpose machine that is customized toperform the operations specified in the instructions.

Computer system 500 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 508 orother static storage device coupled to bus 502 for storing staticinformation and instructions for processor 504. A storage device 510,such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus502 for storing information and instructions.

Computer system 500 may be coupled via bus 502 to a display 512, such asa cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user.An input device 514, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupledto bus 502 for communicating information and command selections toprocessor 504. Another type of user input device is cursor control 516,such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicatingdirection information and command selections to processor 504 and forcontrolling cursor movement on display 512. This input device typicallyhas two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and asecond axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in aplane.

Computer system 500 may implement the techniques described herein usingcustomized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware and/orprogram logic which in combination with the computer system causes orprograms computer system 500 to be a special-purpose machine. Accordingto one embodiment, the techniques herein are performed by computersystem 500 in response to processor 504 executing one or more sequencesof one or more instructions contained in main memory 506. Suchinstructions may be read into main memory 506 from another storagemedium, such as storage device 510. Execution of the sequences ofinstructions contained in main memory 506 causes processor 504 toperform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments,hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination withsoftware instructions.

The term “storage media” as used herein refers to any non-transitorymedia that store data and/or instructions that cause a machine tooperate in a specific fashion. Such storage media may comprisenon-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes,for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 510.Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 506. Commonforms of storage media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexibledisk, hard disk, solid state drive, magnetic tape, or any other magneticdata storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical data storage medium,any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, aFLASH-EPROM, NVRAM, any other memory chip or cartridge,content-addressable memory (CAM), and ternary content-addressable memory(TCAM).

Storage media is distinct from but may be used in conjunction withtransmission media. Transmission media participates in transferringinformation between storage media. For example, transmission mediaincludes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including thewires that comprise bus 502. Transmission media can also take the formof acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-waveand infra-red data communications.

Various forms of media may be involved in carrying one or more sequencesof one or more instructions to processor 504 for execution. For example,the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk or solidstate drive of a remote computer. The remote computer can load theinstructions into the remote computer's dynamic memory and send theinstructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local tocomputer system 500 can receive the data on the telephone line and usean infra-red transmitter to convert the data to an infra-red signal. Aninfra-red detector can receive the data carried in the infra-red signaland appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus 502. Bus 502 carriesthe data to main memory 506, from which processor 504 retrieves andexecutes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 506may optionally be stored on storage device 510 either before or afterexecution by processor 504.

Computer system 500 also includes a communication interface 518 coupledto bus 502. Communication interface 518 provides a two-way datacommunication coupling to a network link 520 that is connected to alocal network 522. For example, communication interface 518 may be anintegrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellitemodem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to acorresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communicationinterface 518 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a datacommunication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also beimplemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 518sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals thatcarry digital data streams representing various types of information.

Network link 520 typically provides data communication through one ormore networks to other data devices. For example, network link 520 mayprovide a connection through local network 522 to a host computer 524 orto data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 526.ISP 526 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the“Internet” 528. Local network 522 and Internet 528 both use electrical,electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. Thesignals through the various networks and the signals on network link 520and through communication interface 518, which carry the digital data toand from computer system 500, are example forms of transmission media.

Computer system 500 can send messages and receive data, includingprogram code, through the network(s), network link 520 and communicationinterface 518. In the Internet example, a server 530 might transmit arequested code for an application program through Internet 528, ISP 526,local network 522 and communication interface 518.

The received code may be executed by processor 504 as the code isreceived, and/or stored in storage device 510, or other non-volatilestorage for later execution.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have beendescribed with reference to numerous specific details that may vary fromimplementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention,and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the invention,is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue fromthis application, in the specific form in which such claims issue,including any subsequent correction.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer readable mediumcomprising instructions which, when executed by one or more hardwareprocessors, causes performance of operations comprising: receiving afirst plurality of object type definitions, each of the first pluralityof object type definitions comprising a corresponding first plurality ofdata fields; wherein the first plurality of object type definitionscomprises a first object type definition; generating a first databaseschema comprising at least the first object type definition;transmitting, to a client application, the first database schema;wherein the client application processes a first object of a firstobject type according to the first object type definition comprised inthe first database schema; receiving a second object type definitioncomprising a corresponding second plurality of data fields; wherein thesecond object type definition is not comprised in the first databaseschema; generating a second database schema comprising at least thefirst object type definition and the second object type definition; andtransmitting, to the client application, the second database schema;wherein the client application processes a second object of a secondobject type according to the second object type definition comprised inthe second database schema, wherein the second object type definitionfurther defines a second function for updating a value of one of thesecond plurality of data fields corresponding to the second object typeat a datastore, and wherein the second function for updating the valuespecifies a uniform resource locator (URL) to update the value of theone of the second plurality of data fields corresponding to the secondobject type at the datastore.
 2. The medium of claim 1, wherein thesecond object type definition further defines a first function fortransmitting the one or more values of the second plurality of datafields of the second object to the datastore.
 3. The medium of claim 1,the operations further comprising: receiving, in the datastore, metadatathat defines a plurality of sub-types of the second object type, each ofthe plurality of sub-types including a different subset of the secondplurality of data fields corresponding to the second object type;transmitting, to the client, the metadata that defines the plurality ofsub-types of the second object type; wherein the client executes a thirdfunction for fetching a value of one of the second plurality of datafields corresponding to a first sub-type of the second object type fromthe datastore; wherein the client processes the fetched value of the oneof the second plurality of data fields corresponding to the firstsub-type of the second object type; and wherein the client executes afourth function for updating a value of the one of the second pluralityof data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of the second objecttype at the datastore.
 4. The medium of claim 3, wherein the clientexecutes a fifth function for fetching a value of one of the secondplurality of data fields corresponding to a second sub-type of thesecond object type from the datastore; wherein the client processes thefetched value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second sub-type of the second object type; whereinthe client executes a sixth function for updating a value of the one ofthe second plurality of data fields corresponding to the second sub-typeof the second object type at the datastore; and wherein: the fetchedvalue of the one of the second plurality of data fields corresponding tothe first sub-type of the second object type is of one of a list offetched values corresponding to a plurality of object instances of thesecond object type, the fetched value of the one of the second pluralityof data fields corresponding to the second sub-type of the second objecttype corresponds to a unique object instance of the second object type,and a quantity of data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of thesecond object type is less than a quantity of data fields correspondingto the second sub-type of the second object type.
 5. The medium of claim1, wherein the client creates a first persistence entity to representthe first object, the first persistence entity comprising the firstobject type definition and a representation of values of the firstplurality of data fields; and wherein the client creates a secondpersistence entity to represent the second object, the secondpersistence entity comprising the second object type definition and arepresentation of values of the second plurality of data fields; andwherein: the processing of the first object is performed according tothe first persistence entity; and the processing of the second object isperformed according to the second persistence entity.
 6. A methodcomprising: receiving a first plurality of object type definitions, eachof the first plurality of object type definitions comprising acorresponding first plurality of data fields; wherein the firstplurality of object type definitions comprises a first object typedefinition; generating a first database schema comprising at least thefirst object type definition; transmitting, to a client application, thefirst database schema; wherein the client application processes a firstobject of a first object type according to the first object typedefinition comprised in the first database schema; receiving a secondobject type definition comprising a corresponding second plurality ofdata fields; wherein the second object type definition is not comprisedin the first database schema; generating a second database schemacomprising at least the first object type definition and the secondobject type definition; and transmitting, to the client application, thesecond database schema; wherein the client application processes asecond object of a second object type according to the second objecttype definition comprised in the second database schema, wherein thesecond object type definition further defines a second function forupdating a value of one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second object type at a datastore, and wherein thesecond function for updating the value specifies a uniform resourcelocator (URL) to update the value of the one of the second plurality ofdata fields corresponding to the second object type at the datastore. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein the second object type definition furtherdefines a first function for transmitting the one or more values of thesecond plurality of data fields of the second object to the datastore.8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: receiving, in thedatastore, metadata that defines a plurality of sub-types of the secondobject type, each of the plurality of sub-types including a differentsubset of the second plurality of data fields corresponding to thesecond object type; transmitting, to the client, the metadata thatdefines the plurality of sub-types of the second object type; whereinthe client executes a third function for fetching a value of one of thesecond plurality of data fields corresponding to a first sub-type of thesecond object type from the datastore; wherein the client processes thefetched value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the first sub-type of the second object type; andwherein the client executes a fourth function for updating a value ofthe one of the second plurality of data fields corresponding to thefirst sub-type of the second object type at the datastore.
 9. The methodof claim 8, wherein the client executes a fifth function for fetching avalue of one of the second plurality of data fields corresponding to asecond sub-type of the second object type from the datastore; whereinthe client processes the fetched value of the one of the secondplurality of data fields corresponding to the second sub-type of thesecond object type; wherein the client executes a sixth function forupdating a value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second sub-type of the second object type at thedatastore; and wherein: the fetched value of the one of the secondplurality of data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of thesecond object type is of one of a list of fetched values correspondingto a plurality of object instances of the second object type, thefetched value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second sub-type of the second object typecorresponds to a unique object instance of the second object type, and aquantity of data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of thesecond object type is less than a quantity of data fields correspondingto the second sub-type of the second object type.
 10. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the client creates a first persistence entity torepresent the first object, the first persistence entity comprising thefirst object type definition and a representation of values of the firstplurality of data fields; and wherein the client creates a secondpersistence entity to represent the second object, the secondpersistence entity comprising the second object type definition and arepresentation of values of the second plurality of data fields; andwherein: the processing of the first object is performed according tothe first persistence entity; and the processing of the second object isperformed according to the second persistence entity.
 11. A systemcomprising: one or more hardware processors; a memory storinginstructions which, when executed by the one or more hardwareprocessors, cause: receiving a first plurality of object typedefinitions, each of the first plurality of object type definitionscomprising a corresponding first plurality of data fields; wherein thefirst plurality of object type definitions comprises a first object typedefinition; generating a first database schema comprising at least thefirst object type definition; transmitting, to a client application, thefirst database schema; wherein the client application processes a firstobject of a first object type according to the first object typedefinition comprised in the first database schema; receiving a secondobject type definition comprising a corresponding second plurality ofdata fields; wherein the second object type definition is not comprisedin the first database schema; generating a second database schemacomprising at least the first object type definition and the secondobject type definition; and transmitting, to the client application, thesecond database schema; wherein the client application processes asecond object of a second object type according to the second objecttype definition comprised in the second database schema, wherein thesecond object type definition further defines a second function forupdating a value of one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second object type at a datastore, and wherein thesecond function for updating the value specifies a uniform resourcelocator (URL) to update the value of the one of the second plurality ofdata fields corresponding to the second object type at the datastore.12. The system of claim 11, wherein the second object type definitionfurther defines a first function for transmitting the one or more valuesof the second plurality of data fields of the second object to thedatastore.
 13. The system of claim 11, the instructions further causing:receiving, in the datastore, metadata that defines a plurality ofsub-types of the second object type, each of the plurality of sub-typesincluding a different subset of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second object type; transmitting, to the client,the metadata that defines the plurality of sub-types of the secondobject type; wherein the client executes a third function for fetching avalue of one of the second plurality of data fields corresponding to afirst sub-type of the second object type from the datastore; wherein theclient processes the fetched value of the one of the second plurality ofdata fields corresponding to the first sub-type of the second objecttype; and wherein the client executes a fourth function for updating avalue of the one of the second plurality of data fields corresponding tothe first sub-type of the second object type at the datastore.
 14. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the client executes a fifth function forfetching a value of one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to a second sub-type of the second object type from thedatastore; wherein the client processes the fetched value of the one ofthe second plurality of data fields corresponding to the second sub-typeof the second object type; wherein the client executes a sixth functionfor updating a value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second sub-type of the second object type at thedatastore; and wherein: the fetched value of the one of the secondplurality of data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of thesecond object type is of one of a list of fetched values correspondingto a plurality of object instances of the second object type, thefetched value of the one of the second plurality of data fieldscorresponding to the second sub-type of the second object typecorresponds to a unique object instance of the second object type, and aquantity of data fields corresponding to the first sub-type of thesecond object type is less than a quantity of data fields correspondingto the second sub-type of the second object type.
 15. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the client creates a first persistence entity torepresent the first object, the first persistence entity comprising thefirst object type definition and a representation of values of the firstplurality of data fields; and wherein the client creates a secondpersistence entity to represent the second object, the secondpersistence entity comprising the second object type definition and arepresentation of values of the second plurality of data fields; andwherein: the processing of the first object is performed according tothe first persistence entity; and the processing of the second object isperformed according to the second persistence entity.